George Eliot (1819-1880)

Born with the name Mary Ann Evans, Eliot took a masculine pen name in the hopes that her fiction would be treated seriously by Victorian readers. Her seven novels, among them
Middlemarch,
Adam Bede,
The Mill on the Floss, and
Silas Marner, are noted for their flawed, imperfect characters and protagonists. Most of her novels take place in the rural English countryside and contend with religious and social issues.
Henry James (1843-1916)

Originally from New York, Henry James spent much of his life in Europe, and his novels are transatlantic - marked by encounters between Americans and Europeans. James was particularly talented at handling interior monologue and narration, and his works mark a period in time that was interested in understanding the depths of human psychology.
Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865)

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell was a prolific writer who penned over fifteen novels, novellas, and works of non-fiction (including the first biography of her friend Charlotte Brontë). Her writing is rich with the dialects and conversations that occurred around the social reforms, riots, and strikes of Victorian England. Gaskell was a people's writer, and her novels, such as
North and South,
May Barton,
Cranford, and
Wives and Daughters, preserve the social concerns of the time via realistic and vivid characters.